Copyright & Licensing (CC BY 4.0)

All articles published by Journals Online are made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license enables unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of published material in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Full license text is available at:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Author Copyright

Authors retain full copyright of their work. Upon publication, authors grant Journals Online a non-exclusive right to publish and disseminate the article worldwide.

What CC BY Allows

• ✔ Anyone may read and download the article for free
• ✔ Content may be reused, shared, adapted, translated, or built upon
• ✔ Commercial reuse is permitted
• ✔ No further permission is required from the publisher or authors

Appropriate credit must always be given to the original authors and the source, and a link to the license must be provided.

Attribution Requirements

Reusers must include:

• ✔ Author name(s)
• ✔ Article title
• ✔ Journal name
• ✔ DOI (if applicable)
• ✔ Link to the original publication
• ✔ Statement that the work is licensed under CC BY 4.0

Third-Party Material

Some figures, images, or datasets may not be covered under the CC BY license if otherwise stated. Users must obtain permission from the original copyright holder where required.

Why We Use CC BY

• ✔ Promotes global research accessibility
• ✔ Supports open knowledge exchange
• ✔ Enables citation growth and visibility
• ✔ Aligns with major funding body requirements

For licensing questions, please contact:
support@journalsonline.org